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GDPR Arts. 44–49: international transfers, incl. remote inference

Transfers outside the EEA only on an adequacy decision, appropriate safeguards (such as standard contractual clauses or binding corporate rules) or a narrow derogation; sending personal data to a model hosted outside the EEA can be a transfer

By Reviewed

From clause to evidenceThe chain from GDPR Arts. 44–49 to its evidence record, in 6 steps; the text alternative lists them and the facts under the figure state each in full.ClauseGDPRArts. 44–49Duty holderControllerApplies from2018-05-25In forceArtefactTransferregisterLayersLayer 01Layer 04Layer 05Evidence recordEvidence recordv1Same topic elsewhere: no crosswalk topic files this clause yetAs of 2026-09-24 · illustrative, not a claim of conformity From clause to evidenceThe chain from GDPR Arts. 44–49 to its evidence record, in 6 steps; the text alternative lists them and the facts under the figure state each in full.ClauseGDPR · Arts. 44–49Duty holderControllerApplies from2018-05-25 · In forceArtefactTransfer registerLayersLayer 01Layer 04Layer 05Evidence recordEvidence record v1Same topic elsewhere: no crosswalk topicfiles this clause yetAs of 2026-09-24illustrative, not a claim of conformity
From clause to evidence Build the artefact, then file every output it produces as a record that names AIGE-OBL-GDPR-ART44-49. Drawn from chapter 08.
Text alternative
  • Clause: GDPR, Arts. 44–49.
  • Duty holder: Controller.
  • Applies from: 2018-05-25, In force.
  • Artefact: Transfer register.
  • Layers: Layer 01, Layer 04, Layer 05.
  • Evidence record: Evidence record v1.
  • Record schema: Evidence record.
  • No crosswalk topic files this clause yet.
Id
AIGE-OBL-GDPR-ART44-49
Instrument
General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 law
Clause
Arts. 44–49
In scope
Controller; processor
Authority
National data protection authority
Applies from
In force

The artefact that evidences it

Transfer register; residency and routing policy as code; transfer impact assessment.

Patterns that build it

No pattern in the catalogue names this clause on its "Maps to" line yet; the artefact above is the engineering answer.

Source

Chapter 08, section The GDPR, checked against its sources on the review date above.

Machine-readable

Cite this obligation

García Aibar, J. (2026). GDPR Arts. 44–49: international transfers, incl. remote inference (AIGE-OBL-GDPR-ART44-49). In AI Governance Engineering: The Thesis & Body of Knowledge (v0.5.0). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22956197. https://aigovernanceengineer.com/obligations/aige-obl-gdpr-art44-49. CC BY 4.0

BibTeX

@misc{aige2026obligation,
  author       = {Jorge García Aibar},
  title        = {{GDPR Arts. 44–49: international transfers, incl. remote inference (AIGE-OBL-GDPR-ART44-49)}},
  howpublished = {In AI Governance Engineering: The Thesis \& Body of Knowledge},
  year         = {2026},
  version      = {0.5.0},
  doi          = {10.5281/zenodo.22956197},
  url          = {https://aigovernanceengineer.com/obligations/aige-obl-gdpr-art44-49},
  note         = {Version 0.5.0}
}