{
  "notice": "Illustrative mapping from the AI Governance Engineer Body of Knowledge v0.5.0 (not a claim of conformity)",
  "version": "0.5.0",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "schemaVersion": 1,
  "schema": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/api/v1/schemas/jurisdictions.json",
  "self": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/api/v1/jurisdictions.json",
  "source": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/bok/ai-laws-worldwide",
  "citation": {
    "title": "AI Governance Engineering: The Thesis & Body of Knowledge",
    "authors": [
      "Jorge García Aibar"
    ],
    "parentDoi": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22956197",
    "conceptDoi": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22857084"
  },
  "jurisdictions": [
    {
      "code": "KR",
      "name": "South Korea",
      "status": "binding-horizontal",
      "statusLabel": "Binding, horizontal",
      "summary": "A horizontal act with duties for high-impact and generative AI: prior notice, output labels, risk management with five-year records, a best-effort impact assessment, safety duties above 10^26 FLOP and a domestic representative for large foreign operators; fines up to KRW 30 million, held back during a guidance period of at least one year.",
      "asOf": "2026-09-24",
      "url": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/bok/ai-laws-worldwide#south-korea-the-ai-basic-act",
      "instruments": [
        {
          "name": "Basic Act on the Development of AI and the Establishment of a Foundation for Trust (Act No. 20676, as amended by Act No. 21311)",
          "date": "2026-01-22",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=282791&efYd=20260721",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": "In force 2026-01-22; the amendments to Arts. 3(5), 16(3)-(5), 17-2, 18, 22-3 and 35(1) apply from 2026-07-21."
        },
        {
          "name": "Enforcement Decree of the AI Basic Act (Presidential Decree No. 36053, as amended)",
          "date": "2026-01-22",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=288781&efYd=20260820",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": "Amended by Presidential Decree No. 36506 (in force 2026-07-21) and No. 36580 (in force 2026-08-20)."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "US",
      "name": "United States (federal)",
      "status": "binding-targeted",
      "statusLabel": "Binding, targeted",
      "summary": "No federal AI statute binds private actors; executive orders and OMB memoranda bind federal agencies and, through procurement, their vendors, while EO 14365 drives litigation and preemption efforts against state AI laws.",
      "asOf": "2026-09-24",
      "url": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/bok/ai-laws-worldwide#united-states-the-federal-layer",
      "instruments": [
        {
          "name": "OMB Memorandum M-25-21 (federal agency use of AI)",
          "date": "2025-04-03",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/M-25-21-Accelerating-Federal-Use-of-AI-through-Innovation-Governance-and-Public-Trust.pdf",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        },
        {
          "name": "OMB Memorandum M-26-04 (Unbiased AI Principles in LLM procurement)",
          "date": "2025-12-11",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/M-26-04-Increasing-Public-Trust-in-Artificial-Intelligence-Through-Unbiased-AI-Principles-1.pdf",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        },
        {
          "name": "Executive Order 14365, Ensuring a National Policy Framework for AI",
          "date": "2025-12-11",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-12-16/html/2025-23092.htm",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        },
        {
          "name": "Executive Order 14179, Removing Barriers to American Leadership in AI",
          "date": "2025-01-23",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-01-31/html/2025-02172.htm",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "US-CO",
      "name": "Colorado",
      "status": "binding-targeted",
      "statusLabel": "Binding, targeted",
      "summary": "Automated decision-making technology in consequential decisions: developer documentation, deployer notice, an explanation within 30 days of an adverse outcome, human review and three-year records, enforced by the Attorney General from 1 January 2027.",
      "asOf": "2026-09-24",
      "url": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/bok/ai-laws-worldwide#united-states-state-laws-that-bind-private-organisations",
      "instruments": [
        {
          "name": "SB 26-189, Automated Decision-Making Technology (replaces SB 24-205)",
          "date": "2027-01-01",
          "status": "adopted",
          "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb26-189",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "US-TX",
      "name": "Texas",
      "status": "binding-targeted",
      "statusLabel": "Binding, targeted",
      "summary": "Intent-based prohibitions, disclosure duties for government and health care, a 36-month sandbox and Attorney General enforcement with a 60-day cure period and tiered civil penalties; no private right of action.",
      "asOf": "2026-09-24",
      "url": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/bok/ai-laws-worldwide#united-states-state-laws-that-bind-private-organisations",
      "instruments": [
        {
          "name": "Texas Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance Act (HB 149)",
          "date": "2026-01-01",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/pdf/HB00149F.pdf",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "US-CA",
      "name": "California",
      "status": "binding-targeted",
      "statusLabel": "Binding, targeted",
      "summary": "Targeted statutes on frontier developers, content provenance, training-data transparency and companion chatbots, plus privacy-agency rules on automated decision-making whose duties start on 1 January 2027.",
      "asOf": "2026-09-24",
      "url": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/bok/ai-laws-worldwide#united-states-state-laws-that-bind-private-organisations",
      "instruments": [
        {
          "name": "SB 53, Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act",
          "date": "2026-01-01",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        },
        {
          "name": "California AI Transparency Act (SB 942 as amended by AB 853)",
          "date": "2026-08-02",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB853",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        },
        {
          "name": "AB 2013, Generative AI training data transparency",
          "date": "2026-01-01",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB2013",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        },
        {
          "name": "SB 243, Companion chatbots",
          "date": "2025-10-13",
          "status": "adopted",
          "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB243",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": "Chaptered date; annual reporting starts on 2027-07-01."
        },
        {
          "name": "CPPA regulations on ADMT, risk assessments and cybersecurity audits",
          "date": "2026-01-01",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://cppa.ca.gov/announcements/2025/20250923.html",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "US-NY",
      "name": "New York",
      "status": "binding-targeted",
      "statusLabel": "Binding, targeted",
      "summary": "From 1 January 2027, large frontier developers publish a safety framework and every frontier developer discloses safety incidents within 72 hours; AI companion operators must run a self-harm protocol and remind users every three hours that they are not talking to a human.",
      "asOf": "2026-09-24",
      "url": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/bok/ai-laws-worldwide#united-states-state-laws-that-bind-private-organisations",
      "instruments": [
        {
          "name": "RAISE Act (S6953B, as amended)",
          "date": "2027-01-01",
          "status": "adopted",
          "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S6953/amendment/B",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": "Text as signed 2025-12-19; the chapter amendment signed 2026-03-27 (USD 500M revenue threshold, DFS office) governs from 2027-01-01."
        },
        {
          "name": "General Business Law Article 47, AI companion models",
          "date": "2025-11-05",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GBS/A47",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": "Text verified; commencement date still to verify against the session law."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "US-UT",
      "name": "Utah",
      "status": "binding-targeted",
      "statusLabel": "Binding, targeted",
      "summary": "Generative AI must be disclosed when a consumer clearly asks, and prominently in high-risk interactions within regulated occupations; the Act is set to repeal on 1 July 2027.",
      "asOf": "2026-09-24",
      "url": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/bok/ai-laws-worldwide#united-states-state-laws-that-bind-private-organisations",
      "instruments": [
        {
          "name": "Artificial Intelligence Policy Act as amended by SB 226 and SB 332",
          "date": "2025-05-07",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://le.utah.gov/Session/2025/bills/enrolled/SB0226.pdf",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "US-IL",
      "name": "Illinois",
      "status": "binding-targeted",
      "statusLabel": "Binding, targeted",
      "summary": "Employers may not use AI with a discriminatory effect in employment decisions and must give notice of its use; implementing rules were reported in draft.",
      "asOf": "2026-09-24",
      "url": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/bok/ai-laws-worldwide#united-states-state-laws-that-bind-private-organisations",
      "instruments": [
        {
          "name": "HB 3773, Human Rights Act amendment on AI in employment",
          "date": "2026-01-01",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/publicacts/fulltext.asp?Name=103-0804",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": "Public Act 103-0804; text read from a Web Archive capture, as ilga.gov refused connections on 2026-09-25."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "US-NYC",
      "name": "New York City",
      "status": "binding-targeted",
      "statusLabel": "Binding, targeted",
      "summary": "Automated employment decision tools need an independent bias audit less than a year old, a public summary of its results and notices to candidates and employees.",
      "asOf": "2026-09-24",
      "url": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/bok/ai-laws-worldwide#united-states-state-laws-that-bind-private-organisations",
      "instruments": [
        {
          "name": "Local Law 144 of 2021, automated employment decision tools",
          "date": "2023-07-05",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/automated-employment-decision-tools.page",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "JP",
      "name": "Japan",
      "status": "binding-horizontal",
      "statusLabel": "Binding, horizontal",
      "summary": "A promotion law with no penalties: businesses must cooperate with government measures, and the state issues guidelines and investigates cases where AI infringed people’s rights.",
      "asOf": "2026-09-24",
      "url": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/bok/ai-laws-worldwide#japan-the-ai-promotion-act",
      "instruments": [
        {
          "name": "Act on the Promotion of Research, Development and Utilisation of AI-Related Technologies (Act No. 53 of 2025)",
          "date": "2025-09-01",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/507AC0000000053",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        },
        {
          "name": "AI Basic Plan (revised)",
          "date": "2026-07-14",
          "status": "adopted",
          "url": "https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/ai/ai_plan/ai_plan.html",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "CN",
      "name": "China",
      "status": "binding-targeted",
      "statusLabel": "Binding, targeted",
      "summary": "Departmental rules by use case (recommendation, deep synthesis, generative AI, labelling and, since July 2026, emotional companion services) with filing, security assessment and labelling duties; chapter 08 maps the full set.",
      "asOf": "2026-09-24",
      "url": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/bok/ai-laws-worldwide#china-what-chapter-08-does-not-already-cover",
      "instruments": [
        {
          "name": "Interim Measures for the Administration of Anthropomorphic Interaction Services",
          "date": "2026-07-15",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://www.cac.gov.cn/2026-04/10/c_1777558395078289.htm",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        },
        {
          "name": "Interim Measures for the Administration of Generative AI Services",
          "date": "2023-08-15",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-07/13/c_1690898327029107.htm",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "BR",
      "name": "Brazil",
      "status": "bill",
      "statusLabel": "Bill",
      "summary": "The Senate passed the AI bill in December 2024; in the Chamber a special committee was still awaiting the rapporteur’s report in September 2026.",
      "asOf": "2026-09-24",
      "url": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/bok/ai-laws-worldwide#brazil-pl-23382023-bill",
      "instruments": [
        {
          "name": "PL 2338/2023 (AI bill; passed the Senate, in the Chamber of Deputies)",
          "date": "2024-12-10",
          "status": "bill",
          "url": "https://www.camara.leg.br/proposicoesWeb/fichadetramitacao?idProposicao=2487262",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "CA",
      "name": "Canada",
      "status": "binding-targeted",
      "statusLabel": "Binding, targeted",
      "summary": "AIDA lapsed with Bill C-27; federal institutions remain bound by the Directive on Automated Decision-Making, with a published Algorithmic Impact Assessment and requirements scaled by impact level.",
      "asOf": "2026-09-24",
      "url": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/bok/ai-laws-worldwide#canada-after-aida-the-directive-on-automated-decision-making",
      "instruments": [
        {
          "name": "Directive on Automated Decision-Making",
          "date": "2025-06-24",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://www.tbs-sct.canada.ca/pol/doc-eng.aspx?id=32592",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        },
        {
          "name": "Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (Bill C-27)",
          "date": "2025-01-06",
          "status": "lapsed",
          "url": "https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-27",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "IN",
      "name": "India",
      "status": "voluntary",
      "statusLabel": "Voluntary",
      "summary": "No AI act: government guidelines set seven principles and six pillars and rely on existing legislation wherever possible.",
      "asOf": "2026-09-24",
      "url": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/bok/ai-laws-worldwide#india-governance-guidelines-no-ai-act",
      "instruments": [
        {
          "name": "India AI Governance Guidelines",
          "date": "2025-11-05",
          "status": "voluntary",
          "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2186639",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "GB",
      "name": "United Kingdom",
      "status": "voluntary",
      "statusLabel": "Voluntary",
      "summary": "No horizontal AI statute: five principles applied by existing regulators, a mandatory transparency standard for central government and a voluntary security code; automated decisions fall under the data-protection Articles 22A to 22D.",
      "asOf": "2026-09-24",
      "url": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/bok/ai-laws-worldwide#united-kingdom-principles-regulators-and-public-sector-records",
      "instruments": [
        {
          "name": "A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation: government response",
          "date": "2024-02-06",
          "status": "voluntary",
          "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/ai-regulation-a-pro-innovation-approach-policy-proposals/outcome/a-pro-innovation-approach-to-ai-regulation-government-response",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        },
        {
          "name": "Algorithmic Transparency Recording Standard (mandatory for government departments)",
          "date": "2025-05-08",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/algorithmic-transparency-recording-standard-hub",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": "Date is the last update of the ATRS hub, not the start of the mandate."
        },
        {
          "name": "AI Cyber Security Code of Practice",
          "date": "2025-01-31",
          "status": "voluntary",
          "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-cyber-security-code-of-practice",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "IT",
      "name": "Italy",
      "status": "binding-horizontal",
      "statusLabel": "Binding, horizontal",
      "summary": "A national law applied consistently with the EU AI Act: parental consent under 14, worker and client information, AgID and ACN as national authorities and a criminal offence for harmful deepfakes.",
      "asOf": "2026-09-24",
      "url": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/bok/ai-laws-worldwide#italy-law-1322025",
      "instruments": [
        {
          "name": "Law No. 132 of 23 September 2025 on artificial intelligence",
          "date": "2025-10-10",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2025/09/25/25G00143/sg",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "ES",
      "name": "Spain",
      "status": "bill",
      "statusLabel": "Bill",
      "summary": "The EU AI Act applies; the national bill that sets sanctions and allocates supervisors to AESIA and sector authorities was not adopted as of the check date, while the sandbox and 16 non-binding guides are live.",
      "asOf": "2026-09-24",
      "url": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/bok/ai-laws-worldwide#spain-aesia-the-sandbox-and-a-bill",
      "instruments": [
        {
          "name": "Draft bill for the good use and governance of AI (first reading 11 March 2025)",
          "date": "2025-03-11",
          "status": "bill",
          "url": "https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/consejodeministros/referencias/paginas/2025/20250311-referencia-rueda-de-prensa-ministros.aspx",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        },
        {
          "name": "Royal Decree 817/2023, AI regulatory sandbox",
          "date": "2023-11-09",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/08/817",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        },
        {
          "name": "AESIA guides from the sandbox pilot",
          "date": "2026-09-24",
          "status": "voluntary",
          "url": "https://aesia.digital.gob.es/es/guias",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": "Living page; the date is the check date, not the publication date."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "SG",
      "name": "Singapore",
      "status": "voluntary",
      "statusLabel": "Voluntary",
      "summary": "Voluntary model frameworks, now including one for agentic AI with four dimensions, and the AI Verify testing framework against 11 governance principles.",
      "asOf": "2026-09-24",
      "url": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/bok/ai-laws-worldwide#singapore-model-frameworks-and-ai-verify",
      "instruments": [
        {
          "name": "Model AI Governance Framework for Agentic AI (v1.5)",
          "date": "2026-05-20",
          "status": "voluntary",
          "url": "https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/imda/files/about/emerging-tech-and-research/artificial-intelligence/mgf-for-agentic-ai.pdf",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        },
        {
          "name": "Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI",
          "date": "2024-05",
          "status": "voluntary",
          "url": "https://aiverifyfoundation.sg/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Model-AI-Governance-Framework-for-Generative-AI-May-2024-1-1.pdf",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        },
        {
          "name": "AI Verify Testing Framework",
          "date": "2026-09-24",
          "status": "voluntary",
          "url": "https://aiverifyfoundation.sg/what-is-ai-verify/",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": "Living page; the date is the check date, not the publication date."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "AU",
      "name": "Australia",
      "status": "voluntary",
      "statusLabel": "Voluntary",
      "summary": "No AI act: the government relies on existing, largely technology-neutral law, an AI Safety Institute that advises regulators and the six practices of its Guidance for AI Adoption.",
      "asOf": "2026-09-24",
      "url": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/bok/ai-laws-worldwide#australia-existing-law-and-voluntary-guidance",
      "instruments": [
        {
          "name": "National AI Plan",
          "date": "2025-12",
          "status": "adopted",
          "url": "https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/national-ai-plan/keep-australians-safe",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "EU",
      "name": "European Union",
      "status": "binding-horizontal",
      "statusLabel": "Binding, horizontal",
      "summary": "The reference horizontal regime, treated in chapter 18 and mapped in chapter 08; the rest of this dataset is read against it.",
      "asOf": "2026-09-24",
      "url": "https://aigovernanceengineer.com/bok/eu-ai-act",
      "instruments": [
        {
          "name": "Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (AI Act), as amended by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744",
          "date": "2024-08-01",
          "status": "in-force",
          "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/2026-07-27/eng",
          "verified": "primary",
          "note": null
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}